ASTM D2270 Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C
ASTM D2270 provides a method for determining the viscosity index (VI) of petroleum-based lubricants by measuring the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant at 40°C and 100 °C. This index is the indicator of the influence of temperature on the viscosity of a lubricant. The standard is employed to tabulate oils with kinematic viscosities ranging from 2 mm²/s to 70 mm²/s at 100°C, and above 70 mm²/s using a mathematical expression. Oils with less than 2 mm 2 /s at 100 °C are not in the scope of this method. VI is a major characteristic for selecting lubricants in engines and machines subjected to temperature changes.
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Introduction to ASTM D2270
This was invented to facilitate the comparison of temperature-sensitive viscosities among various lubricants. It provides a standard method for calculating the viscosity index, enabling industry professionals to select or test lubricants based on their ability to withstand viscosity changes over a range of working temperatures. This is particularly convenient in the formulation or grading of base oils and finished lubricants.
ASTM D2270 Test Method
Kinematic Viscosity Testing
Standard methods are used to measure viscosities at 40°C and 100°C
Viscosity Index Calculation
In the case of oils having a viscosity at 100°C of 70 mm²/s or less, Land H values are read off a reference table by interpolation.For oils with viscosities greater than 70 mm²/s, Land H is plotted as a log equation of the 100 °C viscosity. The final viscosity index is computed by formula by comparing the actual 40°C viscosity with that of hypothetical oils having 0 and 100 viscosity indexes.
ASTM D2270 Equipment and Sample Preparation
Sample Requirements
The samples should be clean petroleum products whose viscosity falls within the specified range.
Testing Equipment
Capillary viscometers (or automated systems that are appropriate to ASTM D445 or D7042 or equivalent ISO/IP procedures are utilized.
Results and Interpretation of ASTM D2270
Viscosity index (VI) is a dimensionless number. The greater the VI, the better the resistance to viscosity change with an increase in temperature. An example is the VI of 100, implying little change, and a smaller VI that shows greater thinning at higher temperatures. It is calculated using idealized reference fluids and is most suitable for straight petroleum products as opposed to synthetic or heavily modified oils.
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Tests Related to ASTM D2270
ASTM D2270 is related to tests, including ASTM D341 for viscosity-temperature equations for liquid petroleum, ASTM D445 for the Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent Liquids, and ASTM D7042 for dynamic viscosity using the Stabinger viscometer.
Use of ASTM D2270 Testing in Various Industries
The automotive, aerospace, and heavy machinery industries utilize ASTM D2270 to determine the functional viscosity of used lubricants at operating temperatures. This is particularly important in engine oils, transmission fluids, and hydraulic systems, which require a wide range of temperatures.
Challenges in ASTM D2270 Testing
The errors can be made either by improper viscosity measurements or by utilizing the values that are outside the standard valid range. With oils at or below 2 mm 2 /s or above 70 mm 2 /s, VI may be incorrect due to improper interpolation or incorrect application of the equation. It is also important to control the temperature and purity of samples. Inappropriate use of estimated viscosity data (using D341) may result in inaccurate values of VI, which cannot be used in specifications or certification.
Importance of ASTM D2270
In ASTM D2270, a standardized approach for evaluating the temperature response of lubricants has been outlined, enabling engineers and formulators to select oils that can be used under various thermal conditions with predictable results. The VI is an important performance indicator in the design, certification, and quality control of lubricants, the protection of machinery, energy efficiency, and regulatory compliance in a very broad spectrum of uses.
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